தமிழ்நாடு அரசு புதிய மருத்துவக் காப்பீட்டுத் திட்டம் - 2026

தமிழ்நாடு அரசு புதிய மருத்துவக் காப்பீட்டுத் திட்டம் - 2026

🏥 தமிழ்நாடு அரசு

புதிய மருத்துவக் காப்பீட்டுத் திட்டம் - 2026

📅 நடைமுறை : 01.07.2026 முதல்

📌 முக்கிய மாற்றங்கள்

விவரம்	பழைய திட்டம்	புதிய திட்டம்	வித்தியாசம்
மாத பிடித்தம்	₹300	₹390	+₹90
காப்பீடு	₹10 லட்சம் / 4 ஆண்டு	₹12 லட்சம் / 5 ஆண்டு	+₹2 லட்சம்
நடைமுறை	-	01.07.2026	புதிய திட்டம்
பெற்றோர்	சில நிபந்தனைகளுடன்	திருமணமானவர்களுக்கு இல்லை	நீக்கம்

📖 முக்கிய தகவல்கள்

💰 மாத பிடித்தம்

₹390 மாதந்தோறும் பிடித்தம்.
வருடத்திற்கு ₹4,680.
5 ஆண்டுகளில் ₹23,400.

🛡️ காப்பீடு

₹12 லட்சம் வரை மருத்துவச் செலவு.
01.07.2026 - 30.06.2031 வரை.

👨‍👩‍👧 பெற்றோர்

திருமணமான அரசு ஊழியர்கள் இனி பெற்றோரை புதியதாக சேர்க்க முடியாது.

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 பயனாளிகள்

✓ ஊழியர்
✓ கணவன் / மனைவி
✓ 25 வயது வரை திருமணமாகாத குழந்தைகள்
✓ மாற்றுத்திறனாளி குழந்தைகள்

📊 லாபம் & நஷ்டம்

✅ லாபம்

• ₹2 லட்சம் கூடுதல் காப்பீடு
• 5 ஆண்டு காலம்
• பெரிய சிகிச்சைகளுக்கு கூடுதல் பாதுகாப்பு

❌ நஷ்டம்

• திருமணமானவர்கள் பெற்றோரை சேர்க்க முடியாது.
• பெற்றோருக்கு தனி இன்சூரன்ஸ் தேவைப்படலாம்.

📋 அடுத்து என்ன செய்ய வேண்டும்?

1️⃣ 01.07.2026 முன்

பெற்றோரை சேர்க்க விரும்பினால் DDO மூலம் விண்ணப்பிக்க முயற்சிக்கவும்.

2️⃣ புதிய அட்டை

ஜூலை மாதத்தில் புதிய மருத்துவக் காப்பீட்டு அட்டை வழங்கப்படும்.

3️⃣ மருத்துவமனை பட்டியல்

அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட மருத்துவமனைகள் பட்டியல் விரைவில் வெளியிடப்படும்.

📢 முக்கிய அறிவிப்பு

ஜூலை 1 முதல் புதிய மருத்துவக் காப்பீட்டுத் திட்டம் நடைமுறைக்கு வருகிறது.
மாதம் ₹390 பிடித்தம் • ₹12 லட்சம் காப்பீடு • 5 ஆண்டு செல்லுபடியாகும்.

தமிழ்நாடு அரசு • New Health Insurance Scheme 2026

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10th Standard - Science - First mid term test - Important 2 Marks Question paper

10th Standard - Science - First mid term test - Important 2 Marks Question paper

AKWA ACADEMY

MODEL TEST – SCIENCE

CLASS : X

SUBJECT : SCIENCE

MARKS : 50

TIME : 1 Hour 30 Minutes

---

PART – I

Answer any 25 of the following questions.
(25 × 2 = 50 Marks)

1. State Newton's Second Law of Motion.
2. Why does the sky appear blue in colour?
3. Define Atomicity.
4. What is rust? Write the chemical equation for the formation of rust.
5. Draw and label the structure of Oxysomes.
6. Write the dental formula of a rabbit.
7. Name the acid that renders aluminium passive. Why?
8. What is an amalgam? Give an example.
9. What is Respiratory Quotient (RQ)?
10. Write a short note on Mesophyll.
11. State Rayleigh's Law of Scattering.
12. Name any two examples of hetero-diatomic molecules.
13. How is diastema formed in rabbit?
14. Differentiate between Mass and Weight.
15. How does an astronaut float in a space shuttle?
16. Differentiate between Convex Lens and Concave Lens.
17. How does a leech suck blood from its host?
18. Write the chemical reaction for Photosynthesis.
19. While catching a cricket ball, the fielder lowers his hands backward. Why?
20. What are the causes of Myopia?
21. Classify the types of force based on their classification.
22. Name the three basic tissue systems in flowering plants.
23. Differentiate between Monocot Root and Dicot Root.
24. Define Inertia. Give its classification.
25. What are the methods of preventing corrosion?
26. State Avogadro's Law.
27. Why is the colour of blood red?
28. State Snell's Law.
29. Define Dispersion of Light.
30. What is the Moment of a Couple?

AKWA Academy, Ambur | Model Examination Question Paper

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12- Commerce - Lesson 02 - Functions of Management - Minimum Material

12- Commerce - Lesson 02 - Functions of Management - Minimum Material

12th Commerce

Chapter 2 : Functions of Management

I. Very Short Answer Questions

1. Write a short note about Planning.

Planning is the primary function of management. It means deciding in advance what should be done before action is taken.

2. What is meant by Motivation?

Motivation helps employees work efficiently. It increases willingness and improves performance to achieve goals.

3. List the subsidiary functions of management.

Innovation, Representation, Decision-Making and Communication.

4. What is the traditional proverb used in planning?

"Think Before You Act" or "Look Before You Leap".

II. Short Answer Questions

1. List out the main functions of management.

• Planning
• Organising
• Staffing
• Directing
• Motivating
• Controlling
• Coordination

2. State the importance of staffing.

• Places the right person in the right job.
• Ensures better use of human resources.
• Supports growth and continuity of the organisation.

3. How are employees informed about important matters in a company?

• Through effective communication.
• Employees are informed about work and responsibilities.
• Communication helps coordination and smooth functioning.

III. Long Answer Questions

1. Explain the various functions of management. (Any 5)

• Planning: Deciding in advance what to do.
• Organising: Creating relationships and assigning work.
• Staffing: Selecting and placing the right employees.
• Directing: Guiding and supervising employees.
• Motivating: Encouraging people to achieve goals.
• Controlling: Checking whether work is done properly.
• Coordination: Ensuring unity among all activities.

2. Explain the subsidiary functions of management.

• Innovation: Introducing new ideas and methods.
• Representation: Representing the organisation before others.
• Decision-Making: Choosing the best course of action.
• Communication: Sharing information among employees.
• These functions support the main management functions.

Red & Green Educational Theme Design

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12th Commerce - Lesson 01 - Principles of Management

12th Commerce - Lesson 01 - Principles of Management

12th Commerce

Chapter 1 : Principles of Management

I. Very Short Answer Questions

1. What is Management?

Management is goal-oriented and is the art of getting work done through others.

2. List out the management tools.

Accounting, Business Law, Psychology, Statistics, Econometrics and Data Processing.

3. State the meaning of Authority.

Authority means the right of a superior to give orders to subordinates.

4. What do you mean by Span of Management?

Span of Management refers to the number of subordinates managed efficiently by a superior.

II. Short Answer Questions

1. Define the term Management.

"Management is a multipurpose organ that manages a business, managers and workers."
– Peter F. Drucker

2. Differentiate Management from Administration.

Basis	Management	Administration
Authority	Middle & Lower Level	Top Level
Role	Executive	Decisive
Concerned With	Policy Implementation	Policy Formulation

3. What are the principles of Taylor?

• Science, Not Rule of Thumb.
• Harmony, Not Discord.
• Mental Revolution.
• Cooperation, Not Individualism.
• Development of every person.

4. What determines the Span of Management?

• Number of subordinates managed.
• Influences manager's work complexity.
• Determines organisation structure.

III. Long Answer Questions

1. Explain the concept of Management.

• Management is a specialised body of knowledge.
• Management uses tools like accounting and statistics.
• It is recognised as a separate discipline.
• Qualified experts are appointed as managers.
• Specialisation improves efficiency.
• Professional associations promote management knowledge.
• Management helps achieve organisational goals.

2. Explain the principles of modern management.

• Division of work increases efficiency.
• Authority and responsibility go together.
• Discipline ensures smooth functioning.
• Unity of command means one boss.
• Unity of direction means one plan.
• Coordination improves organisational performance.
• These principles help achieve business goals.

Red & Green Educational Theme Design

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9th standard social science -Civics - Lesson 01 - Forms of government and democracy

9th standard social science -Civics - Lesson 01 - Forms of government and democracy

9th Standard Social Science

Civics – Unit 1

Forms of Government and Democracy

I. Choose the Correct Answer (1 Mark)

1. A system of government in which one person reigns supreme is called

• a) Autocracy
• b) Monarchy
• c) Democracy
• d) Republic

2. A system of government with absolute power is

• a) Aristocracy
• b) Theocracy
• c) Democracy
• d) Autocracy

3. Former Soviet Union is an example for

• a) Aristocracy
• b) Theocracy
• c) Oligarchy
• d) Republic

4. Select the odd one

• a) India
• b) USA
• c) France
• d) Vatican

5. Abraham Lincoln was the President of

• a) USA
• b) UK
• c) USSR
• d) India

6. Kudavolai system was followed by

• a) Cheras
• b) Pandyas
• c) Cholas
• d) Kalabhras

7. Direct Democracy existed in olden times

• a) Ancient India
• b) USA
• c) Ancient Greece
• d) UK

8. The term Democracy is derived from

• a) Greek
• b) Latin
• c) Persian
• d) Arabic

9. In democracy the final authority rests with

• a) Parliament
• b) People
• c) Council of Ministers
• d) President

10. Which country has Presidential form of government?

• a) India
• b) Britain
• c) Canada
• d) USA

11. The largest democratic country in the world is

• a) Canada
• b) India
• c) USA
• d) China

12. The meaning of Franchise is

• a) Right to elect
• b) Right to vote for the poor
• c) Right to vote
• d) Right to vote for the rich

13. The grant of universal franchise creates

• a) Social equality
• b) Economic equality
• c) Political equality
• d) Legal equality

14. Prime Minister of India is appointed by

• a) Lok Sabha
• b) Rajya Sabha
• c) Speaker
• d) President

15. The President of India can nominate

• a) 12 members to Lok Sabha
• b) 2 members to Rajya Sabha
• c) 12 members to Rajya Sabha
• d) 14 members to Rajya Sabha

16. The first general elections after independence were held in

• a) 1948-49
• b) 1951-52
• c) 1957-58
• d) 1947-48

Answer Key

1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-d, 5-a, 6-c, 7-c, 8-a, 9-b, 10-d, 11-b, 12-c, 13-c, 14-d, 15-c, 16-b

II. Short Answers (2 Marks)

1. Give Abraham Lincoln's definition for democracy.

• Democracy is government of the people.
• It is by the people.
• It is for the people.

2. Mention the forms of democracy.

• Parliamentary form of government.
• Presidential form of government.
• Examples: India and USA.

3. Distinguish between direct and indirect democracy.

Direct Democracy

• People participate directly.
• Citizens make decisions themselves.
• Example: Switzerland.

Indirect Democracy

• People elect representatives.
• Representatives take decisions.
• Example: India.

III. Detailed Answers (5 Marks)

1. What are the challenges to Indian democracy?

• Illiteracy among people.
• Poverty affects participation.
• Gender discrimination exists.
• Regionalism and casteism create divisions.
• Communalism affects unity.
• Corruption weakens democracy.
• Political violence creates problems.

2. Explain the conditions necessary for the success of democracy in India.

• People should be educated and aware.
• Leaders should not misuse power.
• Social evils must be removed.
• Free and fair press is needed.
• Strong public opinion is important.
• People should know their rights.
• Citizens must monitor elected representatives.

3. What is your opinion about democracy in India?

• India follows parliamentary democracy.
• People elect their representatives.
• Citizens take part in decision making.
• India is the world's largest democracy.
• It is based on equality and freedom.
• All adults above 18 can vote.
• Voting is given without discrimination.

Designed in Red & Green Educational Theme

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8th Social Science - Geography - Lesson 01 - ROCKS AND SOILS

UNIT 1 – ROCKS AND SOILS

I. Choose the Correct Answer

1. Which of the following is known as sphere of rocks?

a) Atmosphere
b) Biosphere
c) Lithosphere
d) Hydrosphere

Answer: (c) Lithosphere

2. World Soil Day is observed on

a) 15th August
b) 12th January
c) 15th October
d) 5th December

Answer: (d) 5th December

3. Fossils are found in

a) Sedimentary rocks
b) Igneous rocks
c) Metamorphic rocks
d) Plutonic rocks

Answer: (a) Sedimentary rocks

4. The top layer of soil is called

a) Organic layer or humus
b) Topsoil
c) Subsoil
d) Bedrock

Answer: (b) Topsoil

5. Ideal soil for growing cotton is

a) Red soil
b) Black soil
c) Alluvial soil
d) Mountain soil

Answer: (b) Black soil

II. Fill in the Blanks

• Scientific study of rocks is called Petrology.
• Red Soil is suitable for millet cultivation.
• The "skin of earth" is Soil.
• Taj Mahal was built using White Marble.
• Igneous Rocks are called primary rocks.

III. True or False

• Igneous rocks are called primary rocks – True
• Slate is formed from shale – True
• Red soil is formed by leaching – False
• M-Sand is used as an alternative to natural sand – True
• Volcanic mountains are covered with sedimentary rocks – False

VII. Give Reasons

1. Why are chemical sedimentary rocks found in reservoir beds?

• They are formed from minerals dissolved in water.
• Minerals settle after evaporation.
• Hence they occur in reservoir beds.

2. Why are igneous rocks found in volcanic regions?

• Igneous rocks are formed from magma.
• Magma cools and solidifies.
• Therefore they occur near volcanoes.

Class 8 Science | Unit 1 – Rocks and Soils

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8th Standard Social Science - History - Lesson 01 - ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS

8th Standard Social Science - History - Lesson 01 - ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS

UNIT 1 – ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS

I. Choose the Correct Answer

1. Who laid the foundation of Portuguese power in India?

a) Vasco da Gama
b) Bartholomew Diaz
c) Alfonso de Albuquerque
d) Almeida

Answer: (c) Alfonso de Albuquerque

2. Which European nation first attempted to discover a sea route to India?

a) Dutch
b) Portugal
c) France
d) Britain

Answer: (b) Portugal

3. In 1453, Constantinople was captured by

a) The French
b) The Turks
c) The Dutch
d) The British

Answer: (b) The Turks

4. Sir William Hawkins belonged to

a) Portugal
b) Spain
c) England
d) France

Answer: (c) England

5. The first fort constructed by the British in India was

a) Fort William
b) Fort St. George
c) Fort St. Louis
d) Fort St. David

Answer: (b) Fort St. George

6. Who were the last Europeans to come to India as traders?

a) The British
b) The French
c) The Danish
d) The Portuguese

Answer: (b) The French

7. Tranquebar on the Tamil Nadu coast was a trade centre of the

a) The Portuguese
b) The British
c) The French
d) The Danish

Answer: (d) The Danish

II. Fill in the Blanks

• National Archives of India is located in New Delhi.
• Bartholomew Diaz was patronized by King John II.
• The printing press was set up at Goa in 1556 by the Portuguese.
• The Mughal Emperor who permitted English trade was Jahangir.
• The French East India Company was founded by Colbert.
• The Danish East India Company was chartered by Christian IV.

III. Match the Following

Country	Year
The Dutch	1602
The British	1600
The Danish	1616
The French	1664

IV. True or False

• Autobiography is one of the written sources – True
• Coins are one of the material sources – True
• Ananda Rangam served under the British – False
• Historical documents are preserved in archives – True

VI. Answer in One or Two Sentences (2 Marks)

1. Give a short note on Archives.

• Archives preserve historical documents.
• They help us study the past.
• National Archives of India is in New Delhi.

2. Write about the importance of Coins.

• Coins are historical sources.
• They give details about rulers.
• They are reliable evidence.

3. Why is Prince Henry called "Henry the Navigator"?

• He encouraged sea voyages.
• He supported sailors and explorers.
• Hence he was called Henry the Navigator.

4. Name the important Dutch factories in India.

• Pulicat and Surat.
• Chinsura and Nagapattinam.
• Cochin and Patna.

5. Mention the trade centres of the English in India.

• Surat.
• Agra and Ahmedabad.
• Broach.

VII. Detailed Answers (5 Marks)

1. Give an account of the sources of Modern India.

• Sources help us know India's past.
• Written sources include books and diaries.
• Travel accounts provide information.
• Archives preserve official records.
• Paintings and statues are material sources.
• Museums preserve cultural heritage.
• Coins provide administrative information.

2. How did the Portuguese establish their trading centres in India?

• Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in 1498.
• Factories were established at Calicut and Cochin.
• Cochin became their first capital.
• Almeida strengthened naval power.
• Albuquerque captured Goa.
• Goa became their headquarters.
• Portuguese controlled many ports.

3. How did the British establish their trading centres in India?

• East India Company was formed in 1600.
• Captain Hawkins visited Jahangir's court.
• English defeated the Portuguese near Surat.
• Jahangir allowed a factory at Surat.
• Sir Thomas Roe gained trade privileges.
• Trade centres opened at Agra and Ahmedabad.
• English trade expanded across India.

Class 8 Social Science – History Notes

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ஏழாம் வகுப்பு-தமிழ் முதற்பருவம் இயல் -1 (அமுதத் தமிழ்) 2026-27

ஏழாம் வகுப்பு-தமிழ் முதற்பருவம் இயல் -1 (அமுதத் தமிழ்) 2026-27

📚 ஏழாம் வகுப்பு – தமிழ்

முதற்பருவம் வினா விடைத் தொகுப்பு (2026–27)

இயல் – 1 : அமுதத் தமிழ்

கவிதைப்பேழை : எங்கள் தமிழ்

சரியான விடையைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து எழுதுக

1. 'நெறி' என்னும் சொல்லின் பொருள் என்ன?

விடை: அ) வழி

2. 'குரலாகும்' என்னும் சொல்லைப் பிரித்து எழுதுக.

விடை: குரல் + ஆகும்

3. வான் + ஒலி என்பதனைச் சேர்த்தெழுதக் கிடைக்கும் சொல் என்ன?

விடை: வானொலி

குறுவினா

1. தமிழ் மொழியின் பண்புகளாக நாமக்கல் கவிஞர் கூறுவன யாவை?

• தமிழ் அறிவை வளர்க்கும்.
• கொல்லாமை, பொய்யாமை போதிக்கும்.
• அன்பும் அறமும் வளர்க்கும்.

2. தமிழ்மொழியைக் கற்றவரின் இயல்புகள் யாவை?

• யாரையும் புகழ்ந்து பேசமாட்டார்.
• யாரையும் இகழ்ந்து பேசமாட்டார்.
• நல்ல பண்புடன் வாழ்வார்.

சிறுவினா

1. 'எங்கள் தமிழ்' பாடலில் கூறப்பட்ட கருத்துகளை எழுதுக.

• தமிழ் அறிவைத் தரும்.
• அன்பையும் அறத்தையும் வளர்க்கும்.
• அச்சத்தைப் போக்கி இன்பம் தரும்.
• நல்ல மனிதராக வாழ வழிகாட்டும்.

சிந்தனை வினா

2. கவிஞர் தமிழை ஏன் தேனுடன் ஒப்பிடுகிறார்?

• தேன் இனிமையானது.
• தேன் பயனுள்ளது.
• தமிழ் இனிமையும் பயனும் கொண்டது.

கவிதைப்பேழை : ஒன்றல்ல இரண்டல்ல

சரியான விடையைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து எழுதுக

1. பகைவரை வெற்றி கொண்டவரைப் பாடும் இலக்கியம் எது?

விடை: பரணி

2. வானில் கூட்டம் திரண்டால் மழை பொழியும்.

விடை: முகில்

3. 'இரண்டல்ல' என்பதைப் பிரித்து எழுதுக.

விடை: இரண்டு + அல்ல

4. 'தந்துதவும்' என்பதைப் பிரித்து எழுதுக.

விடை: தந்து + உதவும்

5. ஒப்புமை + இல்லாத சேர்த்து எழுதுக.

விடை: ஒப்புமையில்லாத

குறுவினா

1. தமிழ்நாட்டின் இயற்கை வளங்களாகக் கவிஞர் கூறுவன யாவை?

• தேன் மணம் வீசும் தென்றல்.
• கனிகளும் தானியங்களும்.
• வளமான நிலங்கள்.

2. பாடலில் இடம்பெற்றுள்ள வள்ளல்கள் பற்றி எழுதுக.

• பாரி வள்ளல் முல்லைக்குத் தேர் தந்தார்.
• குமண வள்ளல் தன் தலையையே தரத் துணிந்தார்.

சிறுவினா

தமிழுக்கு வளம் சேர்க்கும் இலக்கியங்கள் யாவை?

• பரணி
• பரிபாடல்
• கலம்பகம்
• எட்டுத்தொகை
• திருக்குறள்
• சங்க இலக்கியங்கள்

2. கிளைமொழிகள் எவ்வாறு உருவாகின்றன?

• மக்கள் வெவ்வேறு இடங்களில் வாழ்கின்றனர்.
• மொழியில் சிறிய மாற்றங்கள் ஏற்படுகின்றன.
• காலப்போக்கில் புதிய மொழிகள் உருவாகின்றன.
• அவை கிளைமொழிகள் எனப்படும்.

இலக்கியங்கள் காலம் கடந்தும் அழியாமல் வாழ்வதற்கு என்ன காரணம் என்று கருதுகிறீர்கள்?

• நல்ல கருத்துகளை கூறுகின்றன.
• வாழ்க்கைக்கு வழிகாட்டுகின்றன.
• எழுத்து வடிவில் பாதுகாக்கப்படுகின்றன.

பொம்மலாட்டக் காட்சிகளைச் சிறுகதையாக எழுதுக.

முன்னுரை

ஆளுக்கு ஒரு வேலை என்ற பொம்மலாட்டக் கதையைக் காண்போம்.

ஆளுக்கு ஒரு வேலை

• ஒரு சிறுவன் பள்ளிக்குச் செல்லாமல் இருந்தான்.
• பெற்றோர் படிப்பின் அவசியத்தை கூறினர்.
• அவன் பள்ளிக்குச் சென்றும் திரும்பிவந்தான்.
• விளையாட நண்பர்களைத் தேடினான்.
• எறும்பு, தேனீ, ஆமை, முயல் ஆகியவற்றை அழைத்தான்.
• அனைவரும் தங்களுக்கு வேலை இருப்பதாகக் கூறினர்.
• பின்னர் பூச்சிகள் அவனைக் கடித்தன.
• அவன் தனது தவறை உணர்ந்தான்.
• மாணவனின் வேலை படிப்பதே என்பதை புரிந்துகொண்டான்.
• இனி பள்ளிக்குச் செல்வேன் என்று உறுதியளித்தான்.

முடிவுரை

மாணவர்களின் முக்கிய வேலை படிப்பதே என்பதை இக்கதை உணர்த்துகிறது.

1. 'குற்றியலுகரம்' என்னும் சொல்லைப் பிரித்து விளக்கம் தருக.

குற்றியலுகரம் = குறுமை + இயல் + உகரம்

குறைந்து ஒலிக்கும் உகரம் குற்றியலுகரம் ஆகும்.

2. குற்றியலிகரம் என்றால் என்ன?

குறைந்து ஒலிக்கும் இகரம் குற்றியலிகரம் ஆகும்.

முன்னுரை

தாய்மொழி மனிதனின் முதல் மொழியாகும்.

தாய்மொழிப் பற்று

• எண்ணங்களை வெளிப்படுத்த உதவுவது மொழி.
• தாய் கற்றுத் தரும் மொழியே தாய்மொழி.
• தாய்மொழி எளிதில் புரியும்.
• பல அறிஞர்கள் தாய்மொழியில் சாதனை படைத்தனர்.
• தாய்மொழி மீது பற்று கொள்ள வேண்டும்.
• தாய்மொழி வழிக் கல்வி பெற வேண்டும்.

முடிவுரை

புரியும் மொழியில் கற்பதே சிறந்த கல்வியாகும்.

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11th Commerce - UNIT I - FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF COMMERCE IN THE SUB-CONTINENT

11th Commerce - UNIT I - FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF COMMERCE IN THE SUB-CONTINENT

📘 11th Commerce

Unit I – Fundamentals of Business

Historical Background of Commerce in the Sub-Continent

I. Choose the Correct Answer

1. In Pandiyas Dynasty the place where the goods are sold is

a) Angadi
b) Market
c) Nalangadi
d) Allangadi

Answer: a) Angadi

2. Hindrance of place is removed by

a) Transport
b) Warehouse
c) Salesman
d) Insurance

Answer: a) Transport

3. Who wrote "Arthasasthra"?

a) Kautilya
b) Kambar
c) Thiruvalluvar
d) Elangovadigal

Answer: a) Kautilya

4. Trade and Commerce was common in ______ Dynasty.

a) Pallava
b) Chola
c) Pandiya
d) Chera

Answer: c) Pandiya

5. Who helped traders move safely through forests?

a) Balban
b) Vasco da Gama
c) Akbar
d) Alauddin Khilji

Answer: d) Alauddin Khilji

II. Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

1. What is meant by Barter System?

• Goods were exchanged for goods.
• Money was not used.
• Common in ancient times.

2. What is meant by Nalangadi?

• Nalangadi means day market.
• Goods were sold during daytime.
• It was a trading centre.

3. What is meant by Allangadi?

• Allangadi means night market.
• Goods were sold at night.
• It was a busy trade place.

III. Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

1. Explain the meaning of the term "Vanigam".

• Vanigam means trade or commerce.
• Tamils exchanged surplus goods.
• Mentioned in Sangam literature.

2. State the meaning of Maruvurapakkam and Pattinapakkam.

• Maruvurapakkam means inland town.
• Pattinapakkam means coastal town.
• Both were important trade centres.

3. What are the ports developed by Pandiya Kingdom?

• Important ports were Tondi and Korkai.
• Trade flourished through these ports.
• Imports and exports were common.

IV. Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

1. What are the hindrances of Commerce?

• Hindrance of person.
• Hindrance of place.
• Hindrance of time.
• Risk of deterioration in quality.
• Risk of loss due to accidents.
• Transport helps overcome distance.
• Insurance protects against losses.

2. State the constraints in Barter System.

• Lack of double coincidence of wants.
• No common measure of value.
• Difficult for buyers and sellers to meet.
• Lack of surplus goods.
• Exchange process was inconvenient.
• Trade was time-consuming.
• Barter limited business growth.

3. Briefly explain the coastal trade in ancient Tamil Nadu.

• Coastal towns were important trade centres.
• Tondi, Korkai, Puhar and Muziri were famous ports.
• Imports and exports were carried out.
• People traded pearls, fish and salt.
• Ships and boats were used.
• Foreign trade developed through ports.
• Trade connected Tamil Nadu with other countries.

🌟 11th Commerce | Fundamentals of Business 🌟

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6th Standard Term 1 Social Science History Unit 01 What is History? Questions and Answers

6th Standard Term 1 Social Science History Unit 01 What is History? Questions and Answers ```html

📜 H-01 What is History?

Social Science - History

I. Choose the Correct Answer

1. What was the step taken by the early man to collect his food?

a. Trade
b. Hunting
c. Painting
d. Rearing of animals

Answer: b. Hunting

II. Match the Statement with the Reason

1. Statement: Pre historic man went along with the dog for hunting.
Reason: Dogs with its sniffing power would find out other animals.

a. Statement is true, but reason is wrong.
b. Statement and reason are correct.
c. Statement is wrong, and reason is correct.
d. Both statements and reasons are wrong.

Answer: b. Statement and reason are correct.

2. Statement: The objects used by the early man are excavated. They are preserved to know the lifestyle of the people. Find out which of the following is related to the statement.

a. Museum
b. Burial materials
c. Stone tools
d. Bones

Answer: a. Museum

3. Find out the wrong pair.

a. Old Stone Age - Stone tools
b. Rock paintings - Walls of the caves
c. Copper plates - A source of history
d. Cats - First domesticated

Answer: d. Cats - First domesticated

4. Find the odd one.

a. Paintings were drawn on rocks and caves.
b. There were paintings depicting hunting scenes.
c. It was drawn to show his family members about hunting.
d. The paintings were painted by using many colours.

Answer: d. The paintings were painted by using many colours.

III. Fill in the Blanks

1. The Old Stone Age man lived mostly in Caves.

2. Herodotus is the father of history.

3. Dog was the first animal tamed by Old Stone Age man.

4. Inscriptions are Archaeological sources.

5. Ashoka Chakra has 24 spokes.

IV. State True or False

1. Stone tools belonging to Old Stone Age have been excavated at Athtirampakkam near Chennai – True

2. The materials used by the ancient people are preserved in the museums by the Archaeological Department – True

3. During the period of Ashoka, Buddhism spread across the country – True

VI. Answer in One Word

1. Can you say any two advantages of writing diary?

• Diary writing helps to record events.
• It reveals the lifestyle of people of that period.

2. How do we know the people's lifestyle of the Old Stone Age?

With the help of stone tools, paintings, rocks and cave walls.

3. Is inscription a written record?

Yes, inscription is a written record.

4. What is proto history?

Protohistory is the period between prehistory and history.

5. Name an epic.

Silapadhikaram.

VII. Answer the Following

1. What is history?

History is a study of past events in chronological order.

2. What do you know about the prehistoric period?

The period between the use of first stone tools and the invention of writing systems is called prehistory.

3. What are the sources available to know about the prehistoric period?

Stone tools, excavated materials and rock paintings are the major sources of prehistory.

4. Mention the places from where we got prehistoric tools.

Attirampakkam, Ariyalur, Perambalur and Adichanallur are places where prehistoric tools were found.

5. What are the benefits of a museum?

• Museums ignite creativity.
• Museums preserve artefacts and artworks.
• Museums provide knowledge about history.

6. Name some tools used by early man to hunt animals.

• Daggers
• Hand axe
• Choppers and scrapers

7. Why were paintings drawn on rocks?

Paintings could have been drawn on rocks to convey their lifestyle to future generations.

8. Name any two artefacts.

• Potteries
• Toys
• Tools and ornaments

🌟 H-01 What is History? | Social Science Notes 🌟

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6th Standard Term 1 Science Unit 1 Measurement Question and Answers

6th Standard Term 1 Science Unit 1 Measurement Question and Answers ```html

📏 6th Standard Science

Term 1 - Unit 1 : Measurement

I. Multiple Choice Questions

1. The height of a tree can be measured by

a) metre scale
b) metre rod
c) plastic ruler
d) measuring tape

Answer: d) measuring tape

2. Conversion of 7 m into cm gives _____

a) 70 cm
b) 7 cm
c) 700 cm
d) 7000 cm

Answer: c) 700 cm

3. Quantity that can be measured is called ____

a) physical quantity
b) measurement
c) unit
d) motion

Answer: a) physical quantity

4. Choose the correct one

a) km > mm > cm > m
b) km > mm > m > cm
c) km > m > cm > mm
d) km > cm > m > mm

Answer: c) km > m > cm > mm

5. While measuring the length of an object using a ruler, the position of your eye should be

a) Left side of the point
b) Vertically above the point where measurement is taken
c) Right side of the point
d) Anywhere according to convenience

Answer: b) Vertically above the point where measurement is taken

II. True or False

1. We can say that mass of an object is 126 kg – True
2. Length of one's chest can be measured using metre scale – False
3. Ten millimetres makes one centimetre – True
4. A hand span is a reliable measure of length – False
5. The SI system of units is accepted everywhere in the world – True

III. Fill in the Blanks

1. SI unit of length is Metre.
2. 500 gm = 0.5 kilogram.
3. Distance between Delhi and Chennai can be measured in Kilometre.
4. 1 m = 100 cm.
5. 5 km = 5000 m.

IV. Complete the Analogy

1. Sugar : Beam Balance :: Lime Juice : Graduated Cylinders
2. Height of a Person : cm :: Pencil Lead : mm
3. Milk : Volume :: Vegetables : Weight

VI. Arrange in Increasing Order

1. Arrange the following in increasing order of unit.

1 Millimetre → 1 Centimetre → 1 Metre → 1 Kilometre

VII. Answer in a Word or Two

1. What is the full form of SI System?

International System of Units

2. Name any one instrument used for measuring mass.

Beam Balance

3. Find the odd one out.

Kilogram, Nanometre, Millimetre, Centimetre
Answer: Kilogram

4. What is the SI Unit of mass?

Kilogram

5. What are the two parts present in a measurement?

Multiple and Submultiple

VIII. Grid Answers

1. Millimetre
2. Second
3. Parallax
4. Time
5. Mass
6. Accurate
7. Length
8. Odometer
9. Tape
10. Litres

IX. Answer Briefly

1. Define Measurement.

The comparison of an unknown quantity with a known quantity is called measurement.

2. Define Mass.

Mass is the measure of the amount of matter present in an object.

3. Convert 43.65 km into metre and centimetre.

43.65 × 1000 = 43650 m
43.65 × 100000 = 4365000 cm

4. Rules for accurate measurement using a scale.

• Write the correct submultiple.
• Keep the object parallel to the scale.
• Start measurement from zero mark.

X. Solve the Following

1. Convert 2250 m into kilometre.

2250 ÷ 1000 = 2.25 km

2. Find the length of the pencil.

12.1 cm − 2.0 cm = 10.1 cm

XI. Answer in Detail

1. Explain a method used to measure the length of a curved line.

• Draw a curved line on paper.
• Place a string along the curve.
• Mark the beginning and ending points.
• Stretch the string on a metre scale.
• Measure the distance between the marks.
• The measured distance is the length of the curved line.

🌟 6th Standard Science | Measurement Notes 🌟

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8th Social Science - Economics - Lesson 01 - Money Savings and Investment Q&A

8th Social Science - Economics - Lesson 01 - Money Savings and Investment

8th Standard Social Science - Economics - Money, Savings and Investment

Social Science Economics Notes

I. Choose the Correct Answer

1. Which metals were used for metallic money?

(a) Gold
(b) Silver
(c) Bronze
(d) All the above

Answer: (d) All the above

2. Who designed the symbol (₹) of Indian Rupee?

(a) Udayakumar
(b) Amartya Sen
(c) Abijith Banerjee
(d) None of these

Answer: (a) Udayakumar

3. The value of money is

(a) Internal value of money
(b) External value of money
(c) Both a & b
(d) None of these

Answer: (c) Both a & b

4. Which is the Bank Money?

(a) Cheque
(b) Draft
(c) Credit and Debit Cards
(d) All the above

Answer: (a) Cheque

5. Pick out the incorrect one.

(a) Stock
(b) Bonds
(c) Mutual Fund
(d) Pay Tax

Answer: (d) Pay Tax

6. Among the following who are responsible for Black Money?

(a) Tax Evaders
(b) Hoarders
(c) Smugglers
(d) All of the Above

Answer: (d) All of the Above

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. Online Banking is also known as Net Banking.

2. Money is what money does.

3. Electronic Banking is also known as National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT).

4. Credit cards and Debit cards are Plastic money.

5. Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935.

III. Match the Following

Column A	Column B
Barter System	Exchanged Goods for Goods
Reserve Bank Act	1935
E-Money	Electronic Money
Savings	Consumer's Disposable Income
Black Money	Tax Evaders

IV. Write the One Word Answer

1. The word Money is derived from?

The Roman word "Moneta Juno".

2. Who prints and issues paper currencies in India?

Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

V. Choose the Correct Statement

1. Barter system had many deficiencies like

I. Lack of double coincidence of wants
II. No difficulties of storing wealth
III. Common measure of value
IV. Indivisibility of commodities

(a) I and II is correct
(b) I and IV is correct
(c) I, III and IV is correct
(d) All are correct

Answer: (c) I, III and IV is correct

VI. Find Out the Odd One

1. Recent forms of money transactions are

(a) Credit Card
(b) Barter System
(c) Debit Card
(d) Online Banking

Answer: (b) Barter System

2. Effects of Black Money on economy is

(a) Dual Economy
(b) Undermining Equity
(c) No Effects on Production
(d) Lavish Consumption Spending

Answer: (c) No Effects on Production

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Money, Savings and Investment

Social Science - Economics Notes

VII. Write Short Answers (2 Marks)

1. What is the Barter System?

• Exchange of goods for goods.
• No money is used.
• Used in ancient times.

2. What are the recent forms of money?

• Plastic Money.
• Electronic Money (E-Money).

3. Short note on E-Banking and E-Money.

E-Banking

• Transfers money through electronic systems.
• No need for cash.
• Uses NEFT and online banking.

E-Money

• Exists in computer systems.
• Used for electronic transactions.
• Enables quick payments.

4. What is the Value of Money?

• Purchasing power of money.
• Measures buying capacity.
• Depends on prices.

5. What is Savings and Investment?

Savings

• Income not spent on consumption.
• Kept for future needs.

Investment

• Money invested in assets.
• Earns future returns.

6. What is meant by Black Money?

• Unaccounted and illegal income.
• Not reported to authorities.
• Avoids tax payments.

7. What are the effects of Black Money?

• Creates dual economy.
• Causes tax revenue loss.
• Increases rich-poor gap.

VIII. Write Brief Answers (5 Marks)

1. What are the disadvantages of Barter System?

• No double coincidence of wants.
• No common value measure.
• Goods cannot be divided easily.
• Difficult to store wealth.
• Trade becomes inconvenient.
• Exchange takes more time.

2. Write about the Evolution of Money.

• Commodity money used first.
• Metallic money replaced commodities.
• Paper money became popular.
• Banks introduced credit money.
• Cheques eased transactions.
• Near money developed later.

3. What are the functions of Money?

Primary Functions

• Medium of exchange.
• Measure of value.

Secondary Functions

• Standard of deferred payments.
• Store of purchasing power.
• Transfer of value easily.

Contingent Functions

• Basis of credit creation.
• Increases capital productivity.
• Measures national income.

4. Explain the types of Bank Deposits.

• Student accounts for young learners.
• Savings deposits earn interest.
• Current accounts for businesses.
• Allows frequent transactions.
• Fixed deposits give steady returns.
• Fixed period ensures safety.

🌟 Money, Savings and Investment - Study Notes 🌟

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8th Social Science - Civics Lesson 03 - Understanding Secularism

Class 8 Social Science - Civics Lesson 03 - Understanding Secularism

📚 Class 8 Social Science - Civics

Lesson 03 : Understanding Secularism

VI. Answer in One or Two Sentences (2 Marks)

1. Name some Indians who contributed to spread of secularism.

• Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
• Rabindranath Tagore
• Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar

2. What does secularism mean?

• Respect all religions equally.
• Promote peaceful coexistence.
• State remains neutral in religion.

3. State the objectives of secularism.

• Prevent religious domination.
• Ensure equal religious freedom.
• State favors no religion.

4. Why is it important to separate religion from the state?

• State remains neutral in religion.
• No official state religion.
• Protects religious freedom.

5. What are the characteristic features of a secular state?

• Freedom to practice any religion.
• Equal treatment of all religions.
• State remains religiously neutral.

6. Mention any three Constitutional provisions related to secularism.

• Article 15 prohibits discrimination.
• Article 16 ensures equal opportunities.
• Article 29 protects educational rights.

VII. Answer the Following in Detail (5 Marks)

1. Why do we need secular education?

• Removes narrow-minded thinking.
• Develops moral values.
• Creates responsible citizens.
• Strengthens democratic principles.
• Promotes tolerance and cooperation.
• Encourages respect for others.

2. Secularism is necessary for a country like India. Justify.

• Secularism included in Constitution.
• India has no state religion.
• Government remains religiously neutral.
• Religious freedom for all citizens.
• No discrimination based on religion.
• Promotes national unity and harmony.

🌟 Understanding Secularism | Class 8 Civics Notes 🌟

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